Theoretical Framework Essay Example for Free

Theoretical Framework Essay This chapter includes a review of related literatures and studies conducted by both local and foreign researchers, that the writer considers relevant to the study. Definitions of Leadership Bass (1981) accepted the view of leadership as an interaction between members of a group. Leaders are agents of change, persons whose acts affect other people more than other people’s acts affect them. Kanter (1983) defined leadership as the existence of people with power to mobilize others and to set constraints. Misumi (1985) wrote: Leadership is understood as the role behaviour of a specific group member, who, more than other members, exerts some kind of outstanding, lasting, and positive influence on fulfilling the group’s functions of problem solving or goal achievement and group maintenance. Weiss (1986) pinpointed the concept of leadership as the top level executive and his dominant coalition of the organization which is invested with the power, status, and resources to manipulate, interpret, and negotiate constraints and resources into policy. Kellerman (1984) defined leadership as the process by which one individual consistently exerts more impact than others on the nature and direction of group activity. Gardner (1986) waffled at the end of his definition by attaching the last phrase: leadership is the process of persuasion and example by which an individual induces a group to take action that is in accord with the leader’s purposes. Sergiovanni (1989), an influential leadership scholar in education, defined leadership as the process of persuasion by which a leader induce followers to act in a manner that enhances the leaders purposes or shared purposes. Two more recent books on leadership have been based on military leaders, and they promote the same understanding of leadership. Roberts (1989) considered leadership as the thing that wins the battles. Bailey (1988) an anthropologist, defined leadership as the act of controlling followers. Finally, Schatz (1986) summed up much of what this view of leadership represents: â€Å"Leadership is the total effect you have on people and events around you.† Leadership for Rost (1991) is an influence relationship among leaders and  followers who intend real changes that reflect their mutual purposes. A leader does the right things (Bennis and Goldsmith, 1997). Doing the right things implies a goal, a direction, an objective, a vision, a dream, a path, a reach. Leading is about effectiveness. It is about what and why. It is about trust – about people. Bennis and Goldsmith (1997), defined leadership as innovating and initiating. It looks at the horizon, not just the bottom line. Leaders base their vision, their appeal to others, and their integrity on reality, on the facts, on a careful estimate of the forces at play, and on the trends and contradictions. For Drucker (1996), leaders move people from selfish concerns to serving the common good. Leaders can refocus people’s energy with direct interventions or do so indirectly by adjusting the system so that people naturally gravitate toward what needs to be done. It will be hypothesized that the Indang II District elementary school principals’ leadership styles (Block 2) will affect school effectiveness (Block 3) at Indang II District, Division of Cavite. The mediating variables will be the elementary school principals’ leadership styles consisting of seven dimensions, namely: a) idealized influence; b) inspirational motivation; c) intellectual stimulation; d) individualized consideration; e) contingent reward; f) management by exception; and g) Laissez-faire. The aforementioned dimensions will be discussed in the conceptual framework. The five indicators of school effectiveness will be the output variables. Each variable will be explained thoroughly as part of the related literature of this study on school effectiveness. The line connecting the mediating and the output variables show their relationship. This will imply that the Indang II school principals’ leadership styles affect the effectiveness of the Indang II schoo ls at Indang II District, Division of Cavite. HYPOTHESIS On the basis of the questions that will be proposed in this study, this hypothesis will be tested. There is no significant relationship between the principals’ leadership styles and school effectiveness in the elementary schools in Indang II District, Division of Cavite.

Hatchet :: essays research papers

Hatchet’ Speech.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ËœHatchet’ by Gary Paulsen is a great book about survival in the wild. It follows the time of a boy, Brian Robson, who crash lands in the middle of a Canadian forest. I think Brian would have though of his time in the forest as fulfilling. Maybe not in the middle of the story, but afterwards, he would of thought of it as a very good experience. From only pages of the book, Brian starts to learn. When the pilot offers him a quick ‘lesson’ of flying the Cessna plane, this saves his life when the pilot dies a horrific heat attack in his seat. This causes Brian to panic, but he safely crash lands inside a lake. Then soon after, he starts to learn that just some insects are coming wanting his flesh. He never thought they were that bad until they cause him to swell all over The only stuff Brian had seen about the wild was on nature films â€Å"They only showed animals jumping around in the bushes and the rolling mountains†. It said in the novel. Brian had only lived in the city, where he is hidden away from the wilderness. He had never been into a forest before. So he was living by what he knew, which was very little. When he goes looking for berries, he is confronted by a big bear. He had seen one before in a zoo, and thought that they would be something to stay away from in the wild. He thinks he is done for, and thinks he will be attacked. But the bear leaves him alone, leaving him with the thought that they only attack you if you attack them. He learns things that are not just relevant to wilderness survival but also about life. These include patience, appreciation for the natural world and observation. He learns to control his temper when he discovers frustration and hopelessness does nothing. He also learns by trial and error, like hunting or building his shelter. For example, his first shelter doesn’t work, so he spends more time on building the second. If a method fails to accomplish the job, Brian learns from his mistakes instead of dwelling on them. Brian also notices the beauty of nature and its sights and sounds. Living in the city has dulled his senses. He uses his new senses to survive, like when at first he couldn’t locate the foolbirds he tries to hunt, they pop out of nowhere surprising him with their presence.

Benefits of Educational Trip Essay

Firstly, the educational trip increase the knowledge of student because there is a lot of knowledge that students cannot found it on textbook. Beside that, the location of educational trip also normally never been visited by the students. The students are also been encouraged to write down some information of the places that visited. So, this also make the students had a long lasting of the knowledge of the places visited. Secondly, the educational trip facilitate the learning process because there is changing of study environment for student compare to the classroom. The trip also can solve the problem of student in learning like bored feeling when studying especially for those subject that needed the highly attention from the students. So, the students will become more effective in learning through the educational trip. Thirdly, the educational trip also provide a special experience for students that cannot found in book or trade with money. For sure this experience will also improve the effect of the learning. Beside that, teacher also can use this chance to apply moral value among the students. The moral value is important to students so that they can be a disciplined excellent student. Beside can taking good care of school name, this moral value that applied also useful when they step into the community. Fourthly, the educational trip also make the student more diligent in learning. For some students, they need a real study environment to improve their learning skill. So, the educational trip that provides a learning materialization will improve the learning outcome for the students. Beside that, the educational trip also provides some interesting place for students to relax after they study for a long period in a classroom. For the example, the places like forest will make students feel like close to nature and this will reduce their pressure and give piece of mind for them. Lastly, the educational trip strengthen ties with fellow classmate. Normally, the trip is spent with own families. So the educational trip give the chance for students to know each other better. Within this, the students can have a lot of friends that can help in study and the other thing. For the example study in group and this will make the learning effect with become better then study alone.

The Effects Of Socioeconomic Modernity And Civic Community

Despite its personal effects, money can feel decidedly impersonal in an advanced economy. A young debtor’s obligations, for instance, might very well find its way into a mutual fund her parents own. The idea of civic community, on the other hand, feels infinitely more personal. After all, even members of groups as large as the ACLU can feel a connection with their peers. Although money can feel personal and groups impersonal, most political scientists separate the effects of economic and civic culture when explaining democratization. In his book, for example, Putnam analyzes the effects of socioeconomic modernity and civic community in distinct sections. Researching the two effects separately has advantages – for one, theories with only one explanatory variable become simpler. Yet the same forces leading to the development of civic communities also lead to the development of economic ones, and from such communities spring modern markets. As much as the masses champion small businesses and denigrate big ones, large organizations are essential to a modern economy. For all their missteps, businesses with thousands of employees enjoy economies of scale that let them fulfill crucial economic functions. Replacing FedEx or UPS with a plethora of tiny businesses, for example, would undoubtedly hurt America’s logistics networks. Replacing the Big Three automakers with smaller ones would likewise cause cars to become unaffordable to most. To be clear, small businesses play a vitalShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Economics And Civic Culture On A Modern Economy899 Words   |  4 PagesDespite its very personal effects, money can feel decidedly impersonal in an advanced economy. Young debtors struggling to pay their creditors often find themselves playing phone tag with faceless collectors, even though that same debt could very well be funding their parents’ retirement portfolios. 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This complexity makes building and managing brands difficult. In addition to knowing its identity, each brand needs to understand its role in each context in which it is involved.