America Should Pay Reparations to African Americans Essay

America Should Pay Reparations to African Americans The United States government should pay reparations to African Americans as a means of admitting their wrong-doing and making amends. The damages African Americans have sustained from White America’s policy of slavery have been agonizing and inhumane. Therefore, I am in favor of reparations for African Americans. The effect of slavery has been an enduring issue within the African American community. Many of us are cognizant of the harm racism brought to the African American race, conveyed through slavery, racial segregation and discrimination. African Americans suffered many atrocities, but the greatest damage done to them was the destruction of they’re original identity. African†¦show more content†¦America should be ashamed for their mistreatment of a race that did not ask or even desire to reside in this country. Yet, they still wear their ugly face of racism, and discrimination, and only seek to segregate African Americans, as if they were at fault. America ns may argue Blacks shouldn’t be complaining, whining, and to pull themselves up by their boot straps. Well, Martin Luther King once said â€Å"White America wants us to pull ourselves up from our boot straps, but we don’t have any boots†. (Shuttlesworth, Fred, 1999, A Fire You Can’t Put Out). The U.S. government has a moral responsibility to this race of people to compensate, African American’s because they were denied their heritage, religion, family, and culture. America alleges it is a religious-based country and their faith resides in God. The bible says: â€Å"If a man steal an ox, or a sheep, and kill it, or sell it; he shall restore five oxen for an ox, and four sheep for a sheep.† This country consistently contradicts itself in the way it wants to be perceived. If America has any belief in God, they should feel an obligation to compensate the African American descendants of slave ancestors. (Exodus 22, Bible). White Americans may argue that the country did enough when it passed the Civil Rights Act in 1960. They may also state America has enough resources and equalShow MoreRelatedReparations For Slavery During The Civil War1712 Words   |  7 PagesReparations for slavery Reparations for slavery have been a topic among scholars and regular people for years now. During the Reconstruction Era after the Civil War many freed slaves were promised 40 acres of land, as a form of reparations.(Staff www.The Root.com) However, this became an empty promise and nothing was enforced to help African Americans become socially, economically, or politically leveled with white Americans since. 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The Kosovo, Native Americans, Japanese, and African Americans are some of the prominent races that have been affected by racism and hate. The U.S. have given reparations to the victims of Kosovo, Native American, and Japanese, but no reparation have been given to African Americans. ForRead MoreThe Reparations to the Descendents of African American Slaves in the United States788 Words   |  4 PagesThe Reparations to the Descendents of African American Slaves in the United States If the United States government were to support the reparations to the descendents of African American slaves it would be an admitting of their responsibility. This is an issue that the United States government does not want to bring back to the forefront. To them, slavery is an occurrence in history such as the Vietnam War, which is not easy to tell about without editing. What is done is done, and bringing up possibilitiesRead MoreRacial Discrimination Against African Americans902 Words   |  4 Pageswhich America came to be what it is today, part of its history involves Africans forcibly being enslaved. Dating back to the beginning and to the end of slavery, they never received appropriate and equal compensation for their hard work. Unfortunately, these slaves who provided the involuntary labor are dead, but many of their descendants are not. In order to reinforce that racism is unacceptable and intolerable, the U.S. government should provide reparations for the descendants of Af rican slaves

Medical Marijuana - 2250 Words

Cannabis is the most hated but yet very beneficial drug in the world. The United States has had strict laws against the use and distribution of marijuana since 1937. (The Union, Brett Harvey) Federal and state laws on medicinal marijuana are very different from each other. Cannabis has a lot of health benefits, this is the reason California was the first state to legalize it for medicinal purposes. (How weed won the west, Kevin Booth) People in America have been getting arrested for the use and possession of marijuana since it was outlawed. Charlie Lynch was one of those people in 2008. (Lynching Charlie Lynch, Rick Ray) I believe medical marijuana should be a legally taxed substance in the United States. In a world that has hated†¦show more content†¦(The Union, Brett Harvey) Tumors are one of the biggest diseases that cancer can treat. It is a proven fact that cannabis slows down the growth of tumors. (A NormL Life, Rod Pitman) The cannabinoids slow down the facsimile which in return slows down the production of cancer cells in the body. (A NormL Life, Rod Pitman) Cannabis is also good for Alzheimer’s disease and for people that suffer from seizures. Chronic diseases are also treated by cannabis. (The Union, Brett Harvey) The cannabis helps people relax and feel less pain, which then allows people with chronic diseases to operate easier. (A NormL Life, Rod Pitman) The cannabinoids in cannabis relaxes their muscles which allows them to move and talk more freely and more understandable. (How weed won the west, Kevin Booth) Illnesses can also be treated by cannabis. Illness is something that someone gets over time but it eventually goes away. (The Union, Brett Harvey) Cannabis is an excellent and healthy way to relieve pain from migraine headaches. (The Union, Brett Harvey) Migraines are often caused by nausea, flashes of light, and photosensitivity. (How Weed won the west, Kevin Booth) When cannabis is taken in to a person’s body it impacts the Autonomic Nervous system which causes that person to breathe easier and relax. (The Union, Brett Harvey) Conditions are also treatable by cannabis. Conditions are things that areShow MoreRelatedThe Legalization Of Medical Marijuana1558 Words   |  7 Pages Alaskan Thunderbolt Whether pro, con, user or bystander. The issue of the nationwide legalization of medical marijuana is one that infringes both in political and social standards. Be it that marijuana is subsequently abused, and utilized as an illegal drug. It is regarded highly, as a controversial issue which affects the amenity of conservative, modern America. Because of which one should further seek to understand. Things like its history, correlation with crime, effects on economy, effectsRead MoreMedical Marijuana1767 Words   |  8 Pages Marijuana is a very prominent and controversial issue in society today. 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Misgovernance As A Security Threat In Bangladesh - Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the case study of misgovernance as a security threat in Bangladesh? Answer: Introduction Corporate misgovernance happens when the company does not follow the rules and regulation framed by the law of the country in which it operates. Corporate governance is a very important factor in developing investors confidence so that they make an investment in the stock market. Due to corporate misgovernance, the whole capital market has a collapsed. Before understanding the concept og misgovernance it is essential to understand the governance part. Corporate governance is a system through which companies are controlled and directed. Corporate governance consists of the market and regulatory mechanism, it describes the roles and responsibilities of management, the board of directors, shareholders and the companys goal. Corporate culture started developing with the growth of industries (Barthwal-Datta, 2009). But today the subjects like the company and bank failures, insolvency, bribery, corruption , frauds like forging, accounts manipulation etc. have increased to a great extent. T he standards of todays business require acknowledged attention and analytical treatment from practitioners and financial economists. We humans have the tendency to cover everything and believe that it will not affect the future and everything will be right. Our minds have a great ability to direct itself and deceive itself through predetermined channels. Human has developed greed and his disease has grown crossing all the boundaries (Blackburn Forgues-Puccio, 2007). Profit is important, but earning profit should not become the only goal. When profit is earned through improper means then it tends to destroy wealth and helps to create poverty. Greed is one of the most important reason for creating a depression in the economic. There should exist ethics so that the economy functions correctly. Ethics should be such that they are people centred. Corporate Misgovernance To understand corporate misgovernance it is very important to first understand the meaning of corporate governance. Corporate governance means the practices, processes and rules by which the establishment is organised and directed. It involves maintaining the balance in the interests of variousstakeholderslike management, shareholders, suppliers, financiers, customers, community and the government. Apart from attaining companys objective, it also helps in planning the actions of the management, internal control, corporate disclosure and performance measurement (Craig-Wood, 2011). For a long time, Indian corporates have kept themselves away from wholesome developments. Corporate governance must protect community values of life, societal aspirations and tradition, environment and economic values. It should provide returns to the investors and shareholders like monetary return. Corporate governance should be such that it should be able to protect the fiscal values of the shareholders. C orporate Misgovernance happens when the organisation is not able to accomplish its duties. Because of increase in the conflicts and competition between the community and the shareholders corporate misgovernance occurs. With the growth of corruption in the government sectors and in the various services provided by them, it supports the business organisation and management of the business organisation to indulge in various unethical practices. The company which are state-owned occupy a very important position in the economy of the country and because they have the monopoly, they indulge in unethical activities and passes the cost of corporate misgovernance to the consumers for all the services and products provided by them. It could be seen that many of the business organisations which are privately owned indulge in corporate misgovernance. In the organisation which are state own almost all the employees indulges in corporate misgovernance, whereas in the organisation which are privat ely owned only the top management are involved in corporate misgovernance, which means that in the private organisation the employees at lower levels behave in a better way and are not a part of such illegal activities. Many of the business organisation use various illegal tactics to make more money. Pollution control, avoiding child labour are considered as ways to improve operations of the company than mere issues of good behaviour. The list of various illegal activities existing in the business organisation nowadays are mentioned below. Misusing the industries licence to avoid competitors to enter the industry. To earn more and quick profit import licence are misused. To meet investment and business expenses they hold the money abroad in an illegal manner. They give bribe to the government official to earn special advantages for their organisation. Corruption and moral bankruptcy Corruption is widespread around the globe. There exist two main causes for the existence of corruption: First reason being Greed and the second reason being the need. Needs can be catered by increasing the pay packages but greed cannot be catered by pay package and there is no end to it (Gangopadhyay, 2011). It is sad to say but it is true that moral bankruptcy and corruption exist in today business which tends to violate the business ethics. All this causes insolvencies and bank failures. The people indulge in immoral activities like smuggling, drug trafficking, corruption, manipulating the financial accounts. Corruption can be classified in two forms. The first is Democratic Corruption means making illegal payment and the second is Anarchical Corruption means bribes paid to agents to get the work done. Agents act as middle- men of the political party which are in power. Corruption is caused due to political problems. Due to increase in the level of corruption, it affects the economy of the country. Investment and entrepreneurialism are aborted, lost in many opportunities, innovations are delayed. Corruption cannot be hidden easily and it is publicly discussed, debated and examined. If an economy wants to encourage investment then it should have long- term economic goals which depend mainly on political contracts (Gibbons, 2015). Whenever any new political party comes in forces and the new minister or government overturns the previous contracts then the economy can only have short- term investments because of which economic growth will be hampered. Corruption is one of the most important reason for poor governance. Various studies show that corruption reduces public earning and increases public spending. Therefore, fiscal deficits increase and it makes it difficult for the government in running good fiscal policy. Due to moral bankruptcy and the decr ease in the value system of human being in all the countries weather be it developed countries or developing countries and the increasing tendency of the people to become rich soon they get involved into activities like forgery and scams like money laundering etc(Hsieh, 2009). Scams caused due to money laundering causes financial distress which ultimately causes financial bankruptcy. It is unfortunate but it is true that by maintaining and financing the non- performing/non- productive assets knowingly hidden in financial records causes serious problems like financial mismanagement, loan defaults, liquidity problems which ultimately causes bankruptcy. It is very sad but true that transaction in black money has become establish business practice nowadays around the globe, more pronounced in countries like developing countries. Like for example when property dealings are done like the purchase of house than the buyer are required to pay 60% of the cost of the building in black and the rest of the 40% through cheque. The amount paid by cheque is white money and that 40% is considered to be the price of the sale deed. Many research studies show that roughly 10% of the G.D.P. is black money according to the study conducted in the year 2012. There exist various illegal sources to earn money. One such illegal source is Black Income. Some of the important sources are taking bribery, smuggling, black marketing etc. Taking bribes, illegal commission and such other forms of illegal income often gets unnoticed but they generate black money in the country (Gibbons, 2015). The burdensome administrative practices encourage the practice of grease money. For example, if an individual person wants any documents from any government offices than he needs to submit a lot of documents which requires a lot of time and efforts and to save time and to get the documents easily they tends to bribe. There exist no procedure to measure the amount of black money flowing in terms of foreign and local currency. Second illegal activity is smuggling. Smuggling has got attention in recent times. A lot of products are smuggled into sea ports in an illegal manner to various countries. The various products are smuggled in order to save the payment of customs duty and they are stolen products (Kaufmann, 2004). The third consist of illegal activities like to avoid duties and fees, unregistered firms are setup. They develop factories and obtain a licence of those scarce materials which are available in the market at a premium. They also borrow funds from banks with an intention to default. For tackling these issues like black money, smuggling, corruption following steps is required. With the increase in the greed and selfishness of the public, a morality based management of business system should be developed which tends to make the ethical values important. It tends to create a long lasting relation with the business ethics which need to be followed in the financial organisation (Kidd Condron, 2007). Unless fraudulent motives and selfish management are not eradicated from the organisation or the country it is almost impossible to develop an ethical environment in the country or the organisation. Every manager should leave all the activities like money laundering, crimes, account manipulati on so that the company is able to run on ethical values and system. Theories to avoid corporate misgovernance There are four theories to explain corporate governance. Agency theory Stewardship theory Stakeholder theory Sociological theory Agency Theory Shareholders are the owner of the company and they are principal of the company. The management is selected by the shareholders directly or indirectly. Management is required to work in a way that the objective of the company is met. The principal assumes that the management that is the agent will work in the favour of the company and will help to fulfil the objective of the company (Kirk, 2006). But sometimes the objective of the management differ from that of the principal that is the shareholders which lead to agency problems. The cost that occurs due to such problems is called agency cost. Therefore, the main purpose of corporate governance is to eliminate the differences between agent and the principal and thus reduce the agency cost. The two ways to reduce agency cost is by Accurate and fair financial disclosures Independent and efficient board of directors Stewardship Theory The Stewardship theory helps to reduce the possible conflicts between owners and corporate managers. This theory assumes that basically managers are trustworthy and they attach significant value to for their personal image (Leibler, 2003). The manager whose reputation are more is given higher pay and their motive is to control behaviour. The basics of Stewardship theory is as follows The theory describes that the managers are not motivated by their own individual goals but their main motive is to serve the objectives of their principal. When given a choice to choose between pro-organisational behaviour and self- serving behaviour they tend to choose steward behaviour which means to serve in the interest of their organisation. The barrier for the adoption of stewardship behaviour is the risk tendency of the principal. The owner should assume that the managers will work in the favour of stewardship theory. Whenever the executive is not able to extend the power of the board then agency cost acts as an effective way to measure the effectiveness of the working of the agents. Stakeholder theory There is various theoretical perspective in stakeholder theory like social contract theory, property right theory, ethics related to care, fiduciary relationship ethics and so on(OAK, 2015). Though there are possibilities to develop the stakeholder theory by using this theoretical perspective but practically it is not possible to do so because it is based on the individual norms and principal. This theory is criticised often because it cannot be applied practically. Sociological theory This theory mainly focuses on the composition of the board and their implication in the distribution of wealth and power in the society (Okoye, 2006). To attain the socio-economic objective the composition of the board, financial reporting, auditing and disclosure are very important. Purpose of Corporate Governance to avoid corporate misgovernance Corporate governance is a method to govern an organisation by following policies, customs, and laws in favour of employees. Corporate governance intents in increasing the accountability of the company and help to avoid disasters. Enron is a solid example of the importance of corporate governance (Pe ari , 2015). Properly executed corporate governance is like police department which helps in eliminating problems. Principal for good corporate governance are Shareholders recognition Stakeholders interest Responsibility of board should be clearly defined Ethical behaviour Business transparency Causes for corporate Misgovernance There are various reasons for corporate Misgovernance in the business organisation in India. Limited needs, closed economy, Lack of competition, ineffective regulatory framework etc. Apart from the above- mentioned reasons which act against transparent and healthy governance, it could be seen that many organisation are run by promoters families which hold negligible share capital of the establishment. The promotors are required to increase their holding in the organisation by the new policy in force (Prywes Sobel, 2015). With the continuous changes in the economic policies, increasing competition, deregulation, delicensing, globalisation the business organisation are required to adapt itself to the new policies. During the recent period due to failure in governance, the number of scams and frauds have increased worldwide. The reason for such failures is beyond corporate misgovernance. The management of the company with the help of their auditor and board of director try to defraud shareholders, both external and internal. The increase of corporate misgovernance does not only arises due to the separation of ownership and management but it is far beyond that. The reasons being the lack of disclosures, transparency, window dressing, inequitable treatment among shareholders, preparing incorrect accounts etc. are all becoming common nowadays. Earlier the meaning of corporate governance was to respect the rules and regulation of a nation in which the company is established. But nowadays due to globalisation, a set of standards which are global needs to be followed. The various causes for corporate misgovernance are Lack of consciousness among stakeholders Government influences in the organisation are more and the power given to enterprise is less. A large amount of the shareholding in the business is from private funds. Internal owners have more power than external owners. Because of the power the managers of the company uses their power for their benefit. Due to this, investors are not given the returns they are purposed to be given(Reed, Turner McConnell, 2011). Voting powers of the external owns are not enough. Ownership is concentrated only in few hands and most of the organisations are family owned. Legal protection given to the investors are not strong which results in the concentration of power to few hands only which uses their power in wrong ways. Capital markets are not developed properly because of which inflow of capital is affected. The market transaction is mostly based on internal information which is mostly manipulative. Banking sectors are not well regulated. Foreclosure norms, bankruptcy and exit mechanisms are absent. A securities market that exists today is not sound. Due to the presence of mismanagement and corruption. Guidelines formulated by the government are not uniform. Organisation structure, ownership and impractical rules do not allow to follow the rules. Management incompetency Not following the procedures mentioned in the internal regulations. Risk management is not paid proper attention. Responsibility is not distributed properly. The internal audit procedure is inefficient. Ignorant about the signal produced by the external audit. Influencing the audit opinion of external auditor. Symptoms of corporate misgovernance Weak management- senior management are fighting among themselves and do not have proper knowledge and information to work in favour of the company. Inadequate or deficient accounting system Unsound policies Over gearing- it means that the company has over borrowed loans than they will be able to pay back. The Single big project- Depending mainly on one big project neglecting all the other small projects. Not adapting to changes Ways to reduce Corporate Misgovernance The laws, rules and regulation, customs, processes, policies affect the way the company is being controlled. Corporate governance is mostly based on the way the people are accountable for the working of the company (Sharman, 2011). Many organisation like insurance companies, banks, manufacturers, religious organisation, gas and oil firms have issues with the corporate governance. The various ways to reduce corporate misgovernance in the business organisation are as follows. Shareholders should be given equitable rights. Running the organisation or the business in the favour of the stakeholders like employees, suppliers, investors, customers, policy- makers, and local communities. Describing the responsibility of the board of directors. Reliability and ethical behaviour by the management of the company. Maintaining transparency in the accounts of the company. Abiding by the rules and regulation framed by the laws. Proper disclosures are given in the books of account of the company. Illegal activities like corruption, bribe, and black money should be avoided. Powers of the CEO and the chairmen should be separated. Both of them need to choose different pathway otherwise, there will be a situation of excessive concentration of power. There should exist no conflicts among managers and the shareholders. There should exist a strict flow of information so that true and accurate information is made available to the decision- makers. Functions and tasks should be described properly especially among the managers. When the management of the company is guided by these principals than the chances of corporate misgovernance decrease. Obligation of the company towards various stakeholders Obligation towards Society A corporation is an association of public who are part of the society and is framed by law (Skouras Christodoulakis, 2013). The activities of the organisation affect the society. So they need to work mutually so that both of them are benefitted. National Interest: The company should work in such a way that it helps in the economic development of the country. Political non-alignment: It should work to support the democratic constitution of the country and should not work in the favour of any particular political party. Legal compliance: The Company should be managed in such a way that it follow all the legal rules and regulation of the country. Rule of law: It should not work in an impractical way and should work in the favour of the minorities shareholders also. Ethical and honest conduct: All the officers, managers, directors, CEO, CFO should work with honesty, sincerity and according to the ethical morals and standards. Corporate citizenship: It should work in such a way that it helps to improve the life of the community in which it operates (Tacconi, Obidzinski, Smith, Subarudi Suramenggala, 2004). Ethical Behaviour: They should set up ethical standards to work internally as well as externally. Social concern: They should work in such a way that the air, land and water does not get polluted. Safe and healthy working environment: It should be able to provide a healthy and safe working environment. Competition: It should not use unethical ways to advertise its product. Obligation towards Investors The company has the below- mentioned obligation towards investors: Towards shareholders: The company should work in such a way that it enhances the value of shareholders. The board of directors should provide the accurate information as required by the shareholders. Transparency should be there and information should be made available when they are required to take the decision. The shareholders should participate equally towards the matter related to the company without interfering with the management decision. Financial record and reporting: The record of the company should be maintained in a fair and true ways and in accordance with the accounting laws and regulations(Yao, 2011). Material misinformation and misrepresentation should be regarded as a violation of ethical conduct and criminal or civil action should be taken against it. Obligation towards employees The management has obligation towards its workers too: Equal employment practice: Fair treatment should be given to the employees and according to their merits. Employee laws should be strictly followed. Equal opportunities- Equal opportunities should be given to all the employees despite their sex, marital status, age, religion. Humane Treatment- employee should be treated as humans first. Participation Empowerment Inclusiveness and equity Collaborative and participative environment Obligation towards customers Providing quality services and products. Making available the products at an affordable price. Committed to work towards customers satisfaction. Managerial Obligation Protecting the assets of the company Maintaining good behaviour towards government agencies. Control should be there about the activities of the management and the management should not misuse their power. The management should work in favour of the society and in its best interest. The management should not receive any gifts or donation in an illegal way. Reasons for growing demand for corporate governance and reducing corporate misgovernance Because of the failure and inadequacies in the existing system, the need for codes and norms arises. When the company wants to earn more profit they tend to neglect the accounting standards required to be followed (Yatsunyk, Bryan Brad Johnson, 2012). In the modern day corporation, the need for corporate governance arises because most of the companies are involved in accounting frauds. Due to growing awareness of the investors. Due to economic reforms that provide private investment and free enterprises. Exposures to greater foreign and domestic competition. Changes in the pattern of shareholding in the public and private sector. Shareholders or investors are playing the active role than just behaving as lenders. Due to the increase in the role of the stock exchange. Conclusion Corporate governance is a procedure which is worried about the management of the organisation, the procedures to govern them, the question which is faced by the board of directors and about the accountability of the organisation towards its shareholders. The Board of directors should find out the ways to resolve these issues. In order to have a good corporate governance in the organisation, the members of the organisation should be able to contribute to improving the performance of the company. The board of directors should ensure that all the actions performed by the organisation are legal and are not against the rules and regulation of the law. Apart from this, the board of director is also responsible to ensure that the organisation is fulfilling its socio-economic responsibility and that they are accountable towards the society also in which it exist. Maintaining corporate governance is not the sole responsibility of the government and the regulator. The shareholders, directors and the professional advisor everyone play an important role in the corporate governance system (Yao, 2011). Everyone should take an active interest in nurturing and promoting healthy corporate governance culture. A country should have a reputation for good corporate governance otherwise, the capital will follow elsewhere. The investors should be confident on the level of disclosure, reporting standards. Like if a disease is not cured on time it can become an epidemic, in the same way if corporate misgovernance is left unattended then it can cause serious damage to the economy. References Barthwal- Datta, M. (2009). 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Young Mother Sewing (Reaction About Painting) Essay Example For Students

Young Mother Sewing (Reaction About Painting) Essay Mary Cast Mother is not just a woman who gives birth to a child. It is a guardian angel to the whole family. She is the most important person in our life. Every mother should be loved and respected. Every mother is supposed to educate a child with good values, make a family circle and take care of all members of the family. Thus mother plays essential role in our life. There is nothing tender as the love of a mother for her chill It is a natural instinct to love, nurture and protects her offspring. Our mother always provides the emotional support that her child deeds. We will write a custom essay on Young Mother Sewing (Reaction About Painting) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now She is always there, when her child may need a kiss on an injury, or simply an extra hug as they get off the bus. When we did mistakes or any hurtful things, yet our mother still forgives LIST. Our mother didnt want her child to be hurt or even have mosquito bite. Mary Cast painted a Young Mother Sewing on a rectangular canvas. She used oil paint. In the foreground, the young child in the painting was wearing a White and sky blue dress. Grey was used to highlight her dress in the light. She had brown eyes, brown hair and chubby red cheeks. The child was leaning on her others lap looking at the viewer. The mother was wearing a white and black zebra stripped dress. She is sitting in a white chair while sewing a dress. The dress is green, aqua blue and yellow. I think the yellow was used as highlight on the dress. She has brown hair, brown eyes and a lonely look on her face, think she has lonely look on her face because she is already exhausted in the whole day activities. In the middle ground there is a rectangular wooden desk that has a pinkish peach color. On top of the desk there is a blue and sky blue vase. Inside he vase there are orange flowers with green leaves. In the background there is a forest. Cast uses green, brown and blue in the background. The blue shows that it is night time. The green highlights the trees, There are two white strokes that represent the wind. For me this painting is beautiful thats why I chose this painting for my reaction paper. I love this painting because really love my aunt. Why my aunt? Because I considered my aunt as my mother because she is the one who became mother to me. I grew up with her for 22 years. I think Mary Cast also loves her other thats Why she painted this one. This painting touched my heart. Think the artist vans to show to their viewers how much we loved by our mother, how much they cared for, valued us and exert an effort or sacrifice everything just for us. Even though there is a lot of thing they need to do like the household chores they still there to care about LIST and priorities us. She is always there to support us even in sorrow or pleasure of our lives. I think this painting focuses the viewers attention on the mother and child relationship Young Mother Sewing (Reaction About Painting)